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An IBL Introduction to Geometries

Mark A. Fitch

Appendix B SMSG Axioms

  1. Given any two distinct points there is exactly one line that contains them.
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  2. Distance Postulate. To every pair of distinct points there corresponds a unique positive number. This number is called the distance between the two points.
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  3. Ruler Postulate. The points of a line can be placed in a correspondence with the real numbers such that:
    • To every point of the line there corresponds exactly one real number.
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    • To every real number there corresponds exactly one point of the line.
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    • The distance between two distinct points is the absolute value of the difference of the corresponding real numbers.
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  4. Ruler Placement Postulate Given two points P and Q of a line, the coordinate system can be chosen in such a way that the coordinate of P is zero and the coordinate of Q is positive.
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  5. Every plane contains at least three non-collinear points.
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  6. Space contains at least four non-coplanar points.
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  7. If two points lie in a plane, then the line containing these points lies in the same plane.
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  8. Any three points lie in at least one plane, and any three non-collinear points lie in exactly one plane.
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  9. If two planes intersect, then that intersection is a line.
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  10. Plane Separation Postulate. Given a line and a plane containing it, the points of the plane that do not lie on the line form two sets such that:
    • each of the sets is convex
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    • if \(P\) is in one set and \(Q\) is in the other, then segment \(\overline{PQ}\) intersects the line.
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  11. Space Separation Postulate. The points of space that do not lie in a given plane form two sets such that:
    • Each of the sets is convex.
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    • If \(P\) is in one set and \(Q\) is in the other, then segment \(\overline{PQ}\) intersects the plane.
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  12. Angle Measurement Postulate. To every angle there corresponds a real number between \(0^\circ\) and \(180^\circ.\)
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  13. Angle Construction Postulate. Let AB be a ray on the edge of the half-plane H. For every r between 0 and 180 there is exactly one ray \(\overrightarrow{AP}\text{,}\) with P in H such that \(m \angle PAB=r.\)
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  14. Angle Addition Postulate. If D is a point in the interior of \(\angle BAC,\) then \(m\angle BAC = m\angle BAD + m\angle DAC.\)
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  15. Supplement Postulate. If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.
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  16. SAS Postulate. Given a one-to-one correspondence between two triangles (or between a triangle and itself). If two sides nd the included angle of the first triangle are congruent to the corresponding parts of the second triangle, then the correspondence is a congruence.
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  17. Parallel Postulate. Through a given external point there is at most one line parallel to a given line.
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  18. To every polygonal region there corresponds a unique positive real number called its area.
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  19. If two triangles are congruent, then the triangular regions have the same area.
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  20. Suppose that the region R is the union of two regions R1 and R2. If R1 and R2 intersect at most in a finite number of segments and points, then the area of R is the sum of the areas of R1 and R2.
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  21. The area of a rectangle is the product of the length of its and the length of its altitude.
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  22. The volume of a rectangle parallelpiped is equal to the product of the length of its altitude and the area of its base.
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  23. Cavalieri’s Principle. Given two solids and a plane. If for every plane that intersects the solids and is parallel to the given plane the two intersections determine regions that have the same area, then the two solids have the same volume.
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